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class="location">當前位置：<a href="/">網(wǎng)站首頁(yè)</a> > 新聞中心 > 行業(yè)新聞</div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="fn57jxl" class="mainbox"> <div id="5ljnrtd" class="centerbox"> <div id="jrxdlzn" class="centerin"> <div id="hrfxbnn" class="box2" style="width:96%; margin:0 auto; padding-bottom:30px;" > <div id="h7bt777" class="theTit wow fadeInUp"> 反滲透阻垢方法與藥劑投加量計算</div> <div id="bxzl5df" class="theauthor wow fadeInUp">發(fā)布時(shí)間：2024-12-21</div> <div style="width:60%; margin:0 auto"> <div style="margin:0 auto; width:100%" > </div> </div> <div id="5x7fjvv" class="showus wow fadeInUp"> <section style="text-indent: 2em;margin-bottom: 0px;"><span leaf="">反滲透技術(shù)由于其脫鹽率穩定、占地面積小、可實(shí)現自動(dòng)化和規?；葍?yōu)點(diǎn)，被廣泛用于水處理領(lǐng)域。然而，結垢問(wèn)題是膜運行過(guò)程中水處理人員的棘手問(wèn)題，它會(huì )導致膜通量下降、能耗升高、膜脫鹽率下降，降低膜的使用壽命，從而增加運行成本。因此，必須采取措施防止膜結垢的發(fā)生，常用的阻垢方法有兩種：一是調節反滲透進(jìn)水pH、二是對反滲透進(jìn)水投加阻垢劑，也可以?xún)煞N方法聯(lián)合使用。本文從阻垢機理出發(fā)，給出如何選擇阻垢方法和藥劑投加量計算方法。</span></section><p><br/></p><section style="margin-bottom: 0px;margin-top: 24px;"><span leaf=""><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">一、阻垢劑機理</span></span></section><p><br/></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0px;text-indent: 2em;"><span leaf="">反滲透膜結垢是指溶解性差的物質(zhì)<span id="l7t7znd" class="wx_search_keyword_wrap">CaCO</span><span textstyle=""><span id="5rjnvrd" class="">3</span></span>、CaSO<span textstyle="">4</span>、BaSO<span textstyle="">4</span>、Ca<span textstyle="">3</span>(PO<span textstyle="">4</span>)<span textstyle="">2</span>等在膜表面產(chǎn)生沉淀，當這些物質(zhì)在反滲透系統中濃縮時(shí)，就會(huì )變得過(guò)飽和。比如在pH=7.5、水溫為25℃時(shí)，水中鈣硬度（以CaCO<span textstyle="">3</span>計）為200 mg/L、總堿度（以CaCO<span textstyle="">3</span>計）為150 mg/L時(shí)，CaCO<span textstyle="">3</span>就會(huì )接近過(guò)飽和；再比如在pH=7.5、水溫為25℃時(shí)，水中鋇離子僅為0.01 mg/L、硫酸根離子為4.5 mg/L時(shí)，<span id="lldvnbb" class="wx_search_keyword_wrap">BaSO</span><span textstyle=""><span id="5ntxr3f" class="">4</span></span>就會(huì )出現過(guò)飽和而析出。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0px;text-indent: 2em;"><span leaf=""><span id="f5jr55b" class="">反滲透阻垢劑</span>的阻垢機理主要是對上述溶解性差的物質(zhì)產(chǎn)生絡(luò )合增溶、凝聚分散、晶格畸變和閾值效應。絡(luò )合增溶指的是阻垢劑能與水中鈣離子、鎂離子、鋇離子等成垢陽(yáng)離子作用形成可溶性絡(luò )合物，抑制了CaCO<span textstyle="">3</span>、CaSO<span textstyle="">4</span>、BaSO<span textstyle="">4</span>、Ca<span textstyle="">3</span>(PO<span textstyle="">4</span>)<span textstyle="">2</span>等生成；凝聚分散是指阻垢劑在水中解離出的陰離子附著(zhù)在CaCO<span textstyle="">3</span>晶體上，而工業(yè)污水中的污垢一般都帶負電荷，同種電荷互相排斥，產(chǎn)生的靜電排斥作用，使CaCO<span textstyle="">3</span>晶體無(wú)法聚集生長(cháng)成較大顆粒，均勻分散于溶液中，從而達到抑制CaCO<span textstyle="">3</span>垢形成的目的；晶格畸變是指在CaCO<span textstyle="">3</span>微晶聚集長(cháng)大過(guò)程中，阻垢劑摻雜在晶格點(diǎn)陣中或晶體界面上，使晶體發(fā)生畸變，直接抑制或扭曲晶體生長(cháng)，如CaCO<span textstyle="">3</span>是帶正電的鈣離子與帶負電的碳酸氫根離子共同按照特定的方向發(fā)展，在二者發(fā)展壯大的過(guò)程中，阻垢劑會(huì )摻雜在它們構建的晶格點(diǎn)陣中，使晶體內部應力增大，當其增大到一定程度時(shí)會(huì )讓晶體最終破裂，從而達到抑制晶體形成的目的。閾值效應是指用阻垢劑破壞CaCO<span textstyle="">3</span>、CaSO<span textstyle="">4</span>、BaSO<span textstyle="">4</span>、Ca<span textstyle="">3</span>(PO<span textstyle="">4</span>)<span textstyle="">2</span>等微晶的聚集和排序過(guò)程，從而防止產(chǎn)生沉淀。</span></p><p><img src="/Upload/image/20250103/1735868545135834.png" title="1735868545135834.png" alt="image.png"/></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 24px;"><span leaf=""><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">二、阻垢方法選擇</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0px; text-indent: 2em;"><span leaf="">評價(jià)反滲透是否存在結垢風(fēng)險的主要指標是朗格利爾指數（<span textstyle="" style="font-style: italic;">LSI</span>），當<span textstyle="" style="font-style: italic;">LSI</span>＜0時(shí)，水體無(wú)結垢傾向（但具有一定的腐蝕性）；當<span textstyle="" style="font-style: italic;">LSI</span>≥0時(shí)，水體呈結垢傾向。調節pH法阻垢是通過(guò)降低水的pH使LSI從大于0向小于0轉變；投加阻垢劑阻垢是即使<span textstyle="" style="font-style: italic;">LSI</span>≥0，但水中的難溶性物質(zhì)微晶仍無(wú)法生長(cháng)聚集而沉積，主要機理即為上述四種。目前，國內阻垢劑產(chǎn)品可以保證在<span textstyle="" style="font-style: italic;">LSI</span>=3時(shí)，難溶性物質(zhì)仍不沉積結垢；國際一線(xiàn)品牌的阻垢劑產(chǎn)品可以保證在<span textstyle="" style="font-style: italic;">LSI</span>=5時(shí)，難溶性物質(zhì)仍不沉積結垢，但在采購阻垢劑時(shí)應注意國內部分商家進(jìn)口國際一線(xiàn)品牌阻垢劑原液，而后大量?jì)端♂專(zhuān)瑢е虏少彿诫m然使用著(zhù)<span textstyle="" style="font-style: italic;">LSI</span>=5的阻垢產(chǎn)品，但實(shí)際阻垢效能卻大相徑庭。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span leaf=""><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">1.調節pH法</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0px; text-indent: 2em;"><span leaf="">為了獲得合格的產(chǎn)水，我們通常把反滲透進(jìn)水pH控制在6~9之間，一些管理精細化的企業(yè)控制在范圍更窄，如7.0~8.5之間。<span id="z5b5pbz" class="wx_text_underline">過(guò)低或過(guò)高的進(jìn)水pH都會(huì )使反滲透產(chǎn)水pH達不到回用水的要求。</span>所以，采用調節pH的方法阻垢前提是要保證反滲透產(chǎn)水pH達標。并且，需要注意的是調節pH法控制反滲透結垢主要是針對CaCO<span textstyle="">3</span>結垢，對于其它結垢類(lèi)物質(zhì)無(wú)效。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span leaf=""><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">2.投加阻垢劑法</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0px; text-indent: 2em;"><span leaf="">如前所述，投加阻垢劑可以使反滲透膜適應更高的<span textstyle="" style="font-style: italic;">LSI</span>，但是反滲透阻垢劑價(jià)格較高，國內產(chǎn)品在0.008~0.012 元/g之間、國際一線(xiàn)品牌原液產(chǎn)品在0.055~0.075 元/g之間，這使得使用成本較高。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0px; text-indent: 2em;"><span leaf="">另外，反滲透阻垢劑種類(lèi)層出不窮，甚至一些生產(chǎn)商不斷炒作并不成熟的新概念，使得使用方在選擇阻垢劑時(shí)出現困惑?？偨Y市售較為成熟的阻垢劑產(chǎn)品，主要分為含磷阻垢劑、聚合物阻垢劑、環(huán)保阻垢劑三種。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0px; text-indent: 2em;"><span leaf="">含磷阻垢劑包括無(wú)機磷阻垢劑和有機膦阻垢劑，其中無(wú)機磷阻垢劑的主要成分是三聚磷酸鈉或六偏磷酸鈉，這些含有無(wú)機磷的物質(zhì)主要分子結構特征是具有長(cháng)鏈狀的陰離子，這種結構存在著(zhù)性質(zhì)不穩定的缺點(diǎn)，容易水解成磷酸根，尤其是水溫較高時(shí)，水解速度更快，水解后的產(chǎn)物正磷酸鹽很容易和水體中的鈣離子反應生成比CaCO<span textstyle="">3</span>溶度積更小的Ca<span textstyle="">3</span>(PO<span textstyle="">4</span>)<span textstyle="">2</span>水垢，所以無(wú)機磷阻垢劑不適用于溫度高或鈣離子含量高的水中；有機膦阻垢劑主要成分是羥基乙叉二膦酸、氨基三亞甲基膦酸、膦酸基丁烷等一種或幾種，這些含有機膦的物質(zhì)主要分子結構特征是都含有C-O-P鍵，當處于溫度較高和堿性較強的環(huán)境中時(shí)，容易水解成為正磷酸酯和相應的醇，此時(shí)它的阻垢功能也會(huì )很大程度的減弱，因此，有機膦類(lèi)阻垢劑不適用于溫度高或pH偏堿性的水中。</span></p><p><img src="/Upload/image/20250103/1735868567492283.png" title="1735868567492283.png" alt="image.png"/></p><p>聚合物阻垢劑主要分為陰離子聚合物阻垢劑和陽(yáng)離子聚合物阻垢劑。前者主要用于抑制金屬離子結垢，后者主要用于抑制硅垢。聚合物阻垢劑的主要成分是丙烯酸和馬來(lái)酸，研制時(shí)是將多種功能性的官能團引入到分子中，因此這一類(lèi)的阻垢劑具有多種配方。應用時(shí)除了需要考慮水質(zhì)的條件，還需要分析水垢的種類(lèi)。例如帶羧酸基團的聚合物阻垢劑主要是針對鈣結垢、磺酸基的聚合物阻垢劑主要針對金屬氧化物、酸胺類(lèi)的聚合物阻垢劑主要針對硅結垢。所以，聚合物類(lèi)阻垢劑并不是廣譜類(lèi)的阻垢藥劑，其主要是用于彌補廣譜類(lèi)阻垢劑的不足；同時(shí)，由于其主要成分是聚合物，容易被氯等氧化性殺菌劑氧化而失效，所以，在投加這類(lèi)阻垢劑前，應先投加還原劑中和掉水中的余氯。</p><p><img src="/Upload/image/20250103/1735868583113259.png" title="1735868583113259.png" alt="image.png"/></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0px; text-indent: 2em;"><span leaf="">環(huán)保阻垢劑的有效成分主要包括聚天冬氨酸、聚環(huán)氧琥珀酸及其衍生物。這類(lèi)阻垢劑主要是針對鈣結垢，如CaCO<span textstyle="">3</span>、CaSO<span textstyle="">4</span>、CaF<span textstyle="">2</span>，其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是可以適應較高的鈣離子濃度，當鈣離子濃度達到500 mg/L時(shí)仍有80%以上阻斷鈣垢的效果；但其投加量大，對水的pH改變較大，且其在40℃以下時(shí)，阻垢效率較低，而反滲透膜進(jìn)水最高允許溫度為35~40℃，所以這種阻垢劑并不適合在反滲透上使用，而更多用于循環(huán)冷卻水系統。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 24px;"><span leaf=""><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">三、加藥量計算</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0px; text-indent: 2em;"><span leaf="">前文已經(jīng)敘述水是否處于結垢傾向取決于<span textstyle="" style="font-style: italic;">LSI</span>的值，因此，無(wú)論是采用加酸調節pH，還是采用投加阻垢劑的方法來(lái)防止反滲透膜結垢，其本質(zhì)是把握水的<span textstyle="" style="font-style: italic;">LSI</span>，<span textstyle="" style="font-style: italic;">LSI</span>的計算方式如下式所示。</span></p><p><br/></p><section style="text-align: center;margin-bottom: 0px;" nodeleaf=""></section><section style="margin-bottom: 0px;text-indent: 2em;"><span leaf="">式中：pH是反滲透濃水的實(shí)測pH值；pH<span textstyle="">s</span>是在實(shí)際水溫下，水中碳酸鹽系統處于平衡狀態(tài)對應的pH值，稱(chēng)之為飽和pH值。</span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 0px;text-indent: 2em;"><span leaf="">反滲透濃水pH值我們可以根據在線(xiàn)儀表或人工測量簡(jiǎn)便獲取，因此，計算<span textstyle="" style="font-style: italic;">LSI</span>的關(guān)鍵是計算pH<span textstyle="">s</span>。根據《Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater》，pH<span textstyle="">s</span>可按下式計算。</span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 0px;text-indent: 2em;"><span leaf=""><img src="/Upload/image/20250103/1735868611784598.png" title="1735868611784598.png" alt="image.png"/></span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 0px;text-indent: 2em;"><span leaf="">式中：A為溶解性總固體TDS系數；B為水溫系數；C為鈣硬度系數；D為總堿度系數。A、B、C、D計算方法如下。</span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 0px;text-indent: 2em;"><span leaf=""><img src="/Upload/image/20250103/1735868623117562.png" title="1735868623117562.png" alt="image.png"/></span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 0px;text-indent: 2em;"><span leaf="">式中：TDS為反滲透濃水的溶解性總固體含量，mg/L；t為反滲透濃水水溫，℃；C<span textstyle="">ca</span>為反滲透濃水的鈣硬度，以CaCO<span textstyle="">3</span>計，mg/L；C<span textstyle="">總堿度</span>為反滲透濃水的總堿度，以CaCO<span textstyle="">3</span>計，mg/L。</span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 0px;text-indent: 2em;"><span leaf="">采用前文的舉例說(shuō)明，pH=7.5、TDS=2000 mg/L、水溫t=25℃、鈣硬度C<span textstyle="">ca</span>=200 mg/L、總堿度C<span textstyle="">總堿度</span>=150 mg/L時(shí)，計算<span textstyle="" style="font-style: italic;">LSI</span>過(guò)程如下：</span></section><p><br/></p><p><img src="/Upload/image/20250103/1735868667120420.png" title="1735868667120420.png" alt="image.png"/></p><p>這與前文所述在該條件下，CaCO<span textstyle="">3</span>已接近飽和相吻合。并且我們可以發(fā)現，加藥量的衡量可表達為以下三個(gè)公式。</p><p><img src="/Upload/image/20250103/1735868682132030.png" title="1735868682132030.png" alt="image.png"/></p><section style="text-indent: 2em;margin-bottom: 0px;"><span leaf="">具體應用方法為：我們首先測得反滲透濃水的TDS、水溫t、鈣硬度C<span textstyle="">ca</span>、總堿度C<span textstyle="">總堿度</span>，然后根據公式計算出pH<span textstyle="">s</span>，如果pH<span textstyle="">s</span>≥pH，那么我們無(wú)需加藥調節pH或投加阻斷鈣垢的阻垢劑；如果pH<span textstyle="">s</span>＜pH，我們保證調節pH后反滲透進(jìn)水pH不低于6.5時(shí)（過(guò)低會(huì )導致反滲透產(chǎn)水顯酸性），可以通過(guò)加酸調節pH至pH<span textstyle="">s</span>≥pH，這僅限于pH<span textstyle="">s</span>≥6.5時(shí)，如果pH<span textstyle="">s</span>＜6.5，需要加酸調節pH至6.5以下甚至更低，這將導致反滲透產(chǎn)水顯酸性；對于pH<span textstyle="">s</span>＜6.5時(shí)，即需要添加阻垢劑。同時(shí)，需要注意的是，如前所述，加酸調節pH主要是針對CaCO<span textstyle="">3</span>結垢，對于其它結垢類(lèi)物質(zhì)無(wú)效。其它結垢物質(zhì)均需投加阻垢劑進(jìn)行控制。</span></section><p><br/></p><section style="text-indent: 2em;margin-bottom: 0px;"><span leaf="">對于加酸調節pH的加藥量可以通過(guò)實(shí)測pH進(jìn)行控制；對于阻垢劑的加藥量，國內外學(xué)者做了大量研究，研究結果普遍證明：阻垢劑投加量在2.5 g/m3以下時(shí)，阻垢效率較低；阻垢劑投加量在3.0 g/m3以上時(shí)，阻垢效率不再有明顯的提升，所以阻垢劑的最佳加藥量為2.5~3.0g/m3，如下圖所示。</span></section><p><br/></p><p><img src="/Upload/image/20250103/1735868697125872.png" title="1735868697125872.png" alt="image.png"/></p><section style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span leaf=""><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">總結</span></span></section><p><br/></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0px;text-indent: 2em;"><span leaf="">綜上所述，我們在防止反滲透膜結垢時(shí)，首先，我們應該按照本文給出公式計算反滲透濃水的<span textstyle="" style="font-style: italic;">LSI</span><span textstyle="">，以判斷反滲透是否存在結垢的傾向；其次，</span>要分析出水中主要結垢物質(zhì)是什么，這可以通過(guò)檢測Ca2+、Mg2+、HCO<span textstyle="">3</span>-、Ba2+、SiO2等指標來(lái)分析判斷，這樣我們可以有針對性的選擇是加酸調節pH、還是投加阻垢劑，如果投加足夠加，要投加何種阻垢劑。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0px;text-indent: 2em;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0px;text-indent: 2em;"><span leaf=""><span style="box-sizing: border-box; text-wrap: wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 宋體, SimSun; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; text-align: justify;">【文章轉載自：</span><a class="wx_tap_link js_wx_tap_highlight weui-wa-hotarea" id="js_name" pingfang="" helvetica="" hiragino="" sans="" microsoft="" yahei="" font-size:="" letter-spacing:="" text-wrap:="" background-color:="" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: var(--weui-LINK); transition-duration: 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